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If Ibm Reentered the Consumer Pc Market Again

Written By Monday, 4 April 2022 Add Comment Edit

Overview about the influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market

Post-obit the introduction of the IBM Personal Computer, or IBM PC, many other personal computer architectures became extinct inside just a few years.[1] It led to a wave of IBM PC compatible systems being released.

Before the IBM PC'southward introduction [edit]

Earlier the IBM PC was introduced, the personal computer market was dominated by systems using the 6502 and Z80 8-bit microprocessors, such as the TRS eighty, Commodore PET, and Apple tree II serial, which used proprietary operating systems,[ii] and by computers running CP/M.[3] After IBM introduced the IBM PC, it was non until 1984 that IBM PC and clones became the dominant computers.[iv] In 1983, Byte forecast that by 1990, IBM would command simply 11% of business concern estimator sales. Commodore was predicted to hold a slim lead in a highly competitive market, at 11.9%.[5]

Around 1978, several 16-scrap CPUs became bachelor. Examples included the Data General mN601, the Fairchild 9440, the Ferranti F100-50, the General Instrument CP1600 and CP1610, the National Semiconductor INS8900, Panafacom'south MN1610,[6] Texas Instruments' TMS9900, and, most notably, the Intel 8086. These new processors were expensive to comprise in personal computers, every bit they used a xvi-flake information bus and needed rare (and thus expensive) 16-bit peripheral and support chips.

More 50 new concern-oriented personal figurer systems came on the market in the year before IBM released the IBM PC.[seven] [viii] Very few of them used a 16- or 32-bit microprocessor, as 8-bit systems were generally believed by the vendors to be perfectly adequate, and the Intel 8086 was too expensive to utilize.[9]

Some of the main manufacturers selling 8-bit business systems during this menstruation were:

  • Acorn Computers
  • Apple Figurer Inc.
  • Atari Inc.
  • Commodore International
  • Cromemco
  • Digital Equipment Corporation
  • Durango Systems Inc.
  • Hewlett-Packard
  • Intersystems
  • Morrow Designs
  • North Star Computers
  • Ohio Scientific
  • Olivetti
  • Processor Technology
  • Abrupt
  • South West Technical Products Corporation
  • Tandy Corporation
  • Zenith Information Systems/Heathkit

The IBM PC [edit]

On August 12, 1981, IBM released the IBM Personal Computer.[10] Ane of the most far-reaching decisions made for IBM PC was to use an open architecture,[eleven] leading to a large market for 3rd party add together-in boards and applications; but finally also to many competitors all creating "IBM-compatible" machines.

The IBM PC used the so-new Intel 8088 processor. Similar other 16-bit CPUs, information technology could admission up to 1 megabyte of RAM, but it used an viii-bit-wide data bus to retention and peripherals. This design immune apply of the large, readily available, and relatively cheap family of 8-bit-compatible support fries. IBM decided to use the Intel 8088 afterwards first considering the Motorola 68000 and the Intel 8086, because the other two were considered to exist too powerful for their needs.[12] [13] Although already established rivals like Apple and Radio Shack had many advantages over the company new to microcomputers,[14] IBM's reputation in business organisation computing allowed the IBM PC architecture to accept a substantial market place share of business concern applications,[15] [16] and many pocket-size companies that sold IBM-compatible software or hardware rapidly grew in size and importance, including Tecmar, Quadram, AST Research, and Microsoft.[17]

As of mid-1982, three other mainframe and minicomputer companies sold microcomputers, but unlike IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Xerox, and Command Data Corporation chose the CP/1000 operating system.[18] Many other companies made "business personal computers" using their ain proprietary designs, some however using 8-bit microprocessors. The ones that used Intel x86 processors frequently used the generic, non-IBM-uniform specific version of MS-DOS or CP/M-86, just as viii-bit systems with an Intel 8080 uniform CPU normally used CP/1000.

The use of MS-DOS on non-IBM PC compatible systems [edit]

[Bill] Gates predicts that in the next six to nine months, several 8086 machines will be introduced. Just considering a automobile is based on the same processor, he explains, does not mean that all PC software will run on information technology. In some cases, software bypasses the operating system and uses specific hardware characteristics of the PC.

— InfoWorld, 23 August 1982[19]

Within a yr of the IBM PC's introduction, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies.[19] One of the commencement computers to achieve 100% PC compatibility was the Compaq Portable, released in November 1982;[twenty] information technology remained the most compatible clone into 1984.[21] Before the PC dominated the market, however, most systems were not clones of the IBM PC design, only had different internal designs, and ran Digital Research's CP/M.

The IBM PC was difficult to obtain for several years after its introduction. Many makers of MS-DOS computers intentionally avoided full IBM compatibility because they expected that the market for what InfoWorld described as "ordinary PC clones" would turn down. They feared the fate of companies that sold computers plug-compatible with IBM mainframes in the 1960s and 1970s—many of which went broke afterwards IBM changed specifications—and believed that a market existed for personal computers with a similar selection of software to the IBM PC, simply with better hardware.[22] [21]

While Microsoft used a sophisticated installer with its DOS programs like Multiplan that provided device drivers for many not IBM PC-compatible computers, well-nigh other software vendors did not.[21] [23] Columbia Academy discussed the difficulty of having Kermit support many unlike clones and MS-DOS computers.[24] Peter Norton, who earlier had encouraged vendors to write software that ran on many unlike computers, by early on 1985 admitted—after experiencing the difficulty of doing and then while rewriting Norton Utilities—that "there'south no practical way for most software creators to write generic software".[25] Dealers institute carrying multiple versions of software for clones of varying levels of compatibility to be difficult.[21]

To get the all-time results out of the 8088's modest performance, many pop software applications were written specifically for the IBM PC. The developers of these programs opted to write direct to the calculator'southward (video) retention and peripheral chips, bypassing MS-DOS and the BIOS. For example, a plan might directly update the video refresh retention, instead of using MS-DOS calls and device drivers to alter the advent of the screen. Many notable software packages, such every bit the spreadsheet program Lotus 1-2-3, and Microsoft's Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.0, straight accessed the IBM PC's hardware, bypassing the BIOS, and therefore did not work on computers that were fifty-fifty trivially different from the IBM PC. This was especially common among PC games. As a result, the systems that were not fully IBM PC-compatible could not run this software, and chop-chop became obsolete. Rendered obsolete with them was the CP/G-inherited concept of OEM versions of MS-DOS meant to run (through BIOS calls) on not IBM-PC hardware.

Cloning the PC BIOS [edit]

In 1984, Phoenix Technologies began licensing its clone of the IBM PC BIOS. The Phoenix BIOS and competitors such as AMI BIOS made information technology possible for anyone to marketplace a PC uniform computer,[26] [27] without having to develop a uniform BIOS like Compaq.

Decline of the Intel 80186 [edit]

Although based on the i8086 and enabling the creation of relatively depression-cost x86-based systems, the Intel 80186 quickly lost entreatment for x86-based PC builders because the supporting circuitry inside the Intel 80186 scrap was incompatible with those used in the standard PC chipset as implemented by IBM. It was very rarely used in personal computers after 1982.

Domination of the clones [edit]

"Is it PC compatible?" [edit]

Imagine that Cray computer decides to make a personal computer. Information technology has a 100 MHz processor, 20 megabytes of RAM, 500 megabytes of disk storage, a screen resolution of 1024 X 1024 pixels, relies entirely on voice recognition for input, fits in your shirt pocket and costs $3,000. What's the get-go question that the estimator community asks? "Is it PC compatible?"

— InfoWorld, February 1984[28]

You don't ask whether a new motorcar is fast or slow, new technology or old. The first question is, "Is it PC uniform?"

— Creative Computing, November 1984[17]

In Feb 1984 BYTE described how "the personal figurer market seems to be shadowed under a cloud of compatibility: the drive to be compatible with the IBM Personal Calculator family unit has assumed almost-fetish proportions", which information technology stated was "inevitable in the light of the astounding market acceptance of the IBM PC".[29] The mag cited the announcement by Northward Star in autumn 1983 of its beginning PC-uniform microcomputer. Founded in 1976, North Star had long been successful with 8-chip S-100 jitney products, and had introduced proprietary 16-chip products, but now the visitor acknowledged that the IBM PC had become a "standard", ane which North Star needed to follow. BYTE described the announcement as representative of the neat impact IBM had made on the industry:[30]

It's become painfully obvious that the key to survival as a major manufacturer is acceptance past the business organisation community. The IBM PC has unquestionably opened the door to that marketplace wider than whatever personal computer earlier it, but in then doing has made compatibility a master factor in microcomputer pattern, for amend or for worse. Recent announcements by North Star ... and a host of smaller firms seem to indicate that the 8088/MS-DOS/IBM-compatible bandwagon is becoming much more like a speeding freight train.

The magazine expressed business organization that "IBM's burgeoning influence in the PC community is stifling innovation considering and then many other companies are mimicking Big Blueish".[29] Albeit that "it's what our dealers asked for", Kaypro also introduced the company'south first IBM compatible that year.[31] Tandy—which had one time had as much every bit 60% of the personal-estimator market, but had attempted to proceed technical information clandestine to monopolize software and peripheral sales[32]—also began selling not-proprietary computers;[33] four years afterwards its Jon Shirley predicted to InfoWorld that the new IBM PC's "major market would exist IBM addicts",[34] the magazine in 1985 similarly called the IBM compatibility of the Tandy one thousand "no small concession to Big Blue's dominating stranglehold" by a company that had been "struggling openly in the blood-soaked arena of personal computers".[35] The chiliad was compatible with the PC but not compatible with its own Tandy 2000 MS-DOS computer.[36] [37] IBM'south mainframe rivals, the Bunch, introduced their ain compatibles,[38] and when Hewlett-Packard introduced the Vectra InfoWorld stated that the company was "responding to demands from its customers for full IBM PC compatibility".[39]

I believe that the era when a machine could be introduced successfully into the marketplace with a total dearth of software ended abruptly with the Macintosh. And those days will not return.

— Creative Computing, February 1985[40]

Mitch Kapor of Lotus Development Corporation said in 1984 that "either you have to be PC-compatible or very special".[41] "Compatibility has proven to be the only safe path", Microsoft executive Jim Harris stated in 1985,[42] while InfoWorld wrote that IBM's competitors were "whipped into conformity" with its designs, because of "the total failure of every company that tried to meliorate on the IBM PC".[43] Customers just wanted to run PC applications similar 1-ii-3, and developers only cared about the massive PC installed base, so any non-compatible—no matter its technical superiority—from a company other than Apple failed for lack of customers and software.[28] Compatibility became and then important that Dave Winer joked that year (referring to the PC AT'southward incomplete compatibility with the IBM PC), "The just company that can introduce a machine that isn't PC compatible and survive is IBM".[42]

By 1985, the shortage of IBM PCs had ended, causing fiscal difficulties for many vendors of compatibles; nonetheless, Harris said, "The only ones that have done worse than the compatibles are the noncompatibles".[42] The PC standard was similarly dominant in Europe, with Honeywell Bull, Olivetti, and Ericsson selling compatibles and software companies focusing on PC products.[44] By the end of the year PC Magazine stated that even IBM could no longer introduce a rumored proprietary, non-uniform operating organisation. Noting that the company'due south unsuccessful PCjr'due south "cardinal sin was that information technology wasn't PC compatible", the magazine wrote that "astern compatibility [with the IBM PC] is the single largest business organisation of hardware and software developers. The user community is also large and demanding to accept radical changes or abandon solutions that have worked in the by."[45]

Within a few years of the introduction of fully uniform PC clones, almost all rival business concern personal computer systems, and alternate x86 using architectures, were gone from the market place. Despite the inherent dangers of an industry based on a de facto "standard",[46] a thriving PC clone industry emerged. The only other non-IBM PC-compatible systems that remained were those systems that were classified as home computers, such equally the Apple Ii serial, or business systems that offered features not available on the IBM PC, such as a high level of integration (e.thou., bundled accounting and inventory)[ clarification needed ] or fault-tolerance and multitasking and multi-user features.

Wave of cheap clones [edit]

Internal view of a PC uniform reckoner, showing components and layout.

Compaq's prices were comparable to IBM's, and the company emphasized its PC compatibles' features and quality to corporate customers. From mid-1985, what Compute! described equally a "wave" of inexpensive clones from American and Asian companies caused prices to decline; by the end of 1986, the equivalent to a $1600 existent IBM PC with 256K RAM and 2 disk drives toll as little as $600, lower than the price of the Apple IIc. Consumers began purchasing DOS computers for the home in large numbers; Tandy estimated that half of its 1000 sales went to homes, the new Leading Edge Model D comprised ane% of the United states home-computer marketplace that year, and toy and discount stores sold a clone manufactured past Hyundai, the Blue Chip PC, like a stereo—without a demonstrator model or salesman.[47] [48] [49] [fifty] [51] [52]

Tandy and other inexpensive clones succeeded with consumers—who saw them as superior to lower-cease game machines—where IBM failed 2 years earlier with the PCjr. They were as inexpensive as home computers of a few years earlier, and comparable in price to the Commodore Amiga, Atari ST, and Apple IIGS. Unlike the PCjr, clones were every bit fast as or faster than the IBM PC and highly compatible so users could bring work dwelling; the large DOS software library reassured those worried nearly orphaned technology. Consumers used them for both spreadsheets and amusement, with the former ability justifying buying a estimator that could also perform the latter.[49] [50] [51] [48] PCs and compatibles also gained a significant share of the educational market, while longtime leader Apple lost share.[53]

At the Jan 1987 Consumer Electronics Show, both Commodore and Atari appear their own clones.[54] By 1987 the PC industry was growing so speedily that the formerly business-only platform had become the largest and nearly important marketplace for calculator game companies, outselling games for the Apple 2 or Commodore 64. With the EGA video card, an inexpensive clone was improve for games than the other computers.[55] [56] [57] MS-DOS software was 77% of all personal computer software sold past dollar value in the 3rd quarter of 1988, upward 47% twelvemonth over year.[58] Past 1989 80% of readers of Compute! owned DOS computers,[59] and the magazine announced "greater emphasis on MS-DOS home calculating".[60]

IBM's influence on the industry decreased, equally competition increased and rivals introduced computers that improved on IBM's designs while maintaining compatibility. In 1986 the Compaq Deskpro 386 was the beginning figurer based on the Intel 80386. In 1987 IBM unsuccessfully attempted to regain leadership of the market with the Personal Organization/two line and proprietary MicroChannel Architecture.

Clones conquer the home [edit]

Past 1990, Computer Gaming World told a reader complaining about the many reviews of PC games that "nigh companies are attempting to get their MS-DOS products out the door, first".[61] It reported, in a United states of america context, that MS-DOS comprised 65% of the computer-game market, with the Amiga at 10%; all other computers, including the Macintosh, were below 10% and declining.[62] The Amiga and nigh others, such as the ST and various MSX2 computers, remained on the market place until PC compatibles gained sufficient multimedia capabilities to compete with home computers. With the advent of inexpensive versions of the VGA video carte and the Sound Blaster sound carte du jour (and its clones), nearly of the remaining domicile computers were driven from the market place. The market in 1990 was more than diverse outside the U.s., merely MS-DOS/Windows machines even so came to dominate by the terminate of the decade.

Past 1995, other than the Macintosh, almost no new consumer-oriented systems were sold that were non IBM PC clones. The Macintosh originally used Motorola'southward 68000 family unit of processors, later migrating to the PowerPC architecture. Throughout the 1990s Apple would steadily transition the Macintosh platform from proprietary expansion interfaces to utilize standards from the PC world such equally IDE, PCI and USB. In 2006, Apple converted the Macintosh to the Intel x86 architecture. Macintosh computers released between 2006 and 2022 were substantially IBM PC compatibles, capable of booting Microsoft Windows and running nearly IBM PC-compatible software, simply withal retained unique blueprint elements to support Apple tree's Mac OS X operating system.

In 2008, Sid Meier listed the IBM PC as 1 of the three most important innovations in the history of video games.[63]

Systems launched shortly subsequently the IBM PC [edit]

Shortly afterward the IBM PC was released, an obvious split appeared between systems that opted to employ an x86-compatible processor, and those that chose another architecture. Well-nigh all of the x86 systems provided a version of MS-DOS. The others used many different operating systems, although the Z80-based systems typically offered a version of CP/M. The common usage of MS-DOS unified the x86-based systems, promoting growth of the x86/MS-DOS "ecosystem".

Every bit the non-x86 architectures died off, and x86 systems standardized into fully IBM PC compatible clones, a market filled with dozens of dissimilar competing systems was reduced to a most-monoculture of x86-based, IBM PC compatible, MS-DOS systems.

x86-based systems (using OEM-specific versions of MS-DOS) [edit]

Early afterward the launch of the IBM PC in 1981, at that place were withal dozens of systems that were non IBM PC-compatible, but did use Intel x86 chips.[64] They used Intel 8088, 8086, or 80186 processors, and almost without exception offered an OEM version of MS-DOS (as opposed to the OEM version customized for IBM's use). Yet, they generally made no try to copy the IBM PC'due south architecture, so these machines had different I/O addresses, a different organisation bus, different video controllers, and other differences from the original IBM PC. These differences, which were sometimes rather minor, were used to improve upon the IBM PC'south design, but as a issue of the differences, software that directly manipulated the hardware would non run correctly. In about cases, the x86-based systems that did not use a fully IBM PC compatible design did not sell well enough to concenter support from software manufacturers, though a few computer manufacturers arranged for uniform versions of popular applications to exist developed and sold specifically for their machines.

Fully IBM PC-uniform clones appeared on the marketplace shortly thereafter, as the advantages of cloning became impossible to ignore. But earlier that some of the more notable systems that were x86-compatible, but not real clones, were:

  • the Human activity Apricot by Human activity
  • the Dulmont Magnum
  • the Epson QX-xvi
  • the Seequa Chameleon
  • the HP-150 by Hewlett-Packard and the later HP 95LX, HP 100LX, HP 200LX, HP 1000CX, HP OmniGo 700LX, HP OmniGo 100, and HP OmniGo 120.
  • the Hyperion past Infotech Cie used its own H-DOS OEM version of MS-DOS and was, for a time, licensed but never manufactured by Commodore, equally its beginning PC compatible.
  • the MBC-550 by Sanyo had many differences, including non-interchangeability of diskettes and non-standard ROM location.
  • the DG-1 by Information General was an early laptop with full 80x25 LCD screen that could boot some generic DOSes simply worked best with their OEM version of MS-DOS, and had some hardware incompatibilities (especially in the serial I-O chip) as part of the compromise to reduce power consumption. Later models were more uniform with generic PC clones.
  • the DG/x past Data Full general had two processors, i an Intel 8086, running a very-modified[65] version of MSDOS (alternatively: CP/Chiliad-86) in a patented closely coupled system with Information General's ain microECLIPSE (the 8086 "invisibly" calling the microECLIPSE whenever it needed admission to some peripherals, such as disks, while the 8086 had control over other peripherals such equally the screen).
  • the 80186-based Mindset graphics computer
  • the Morrow Designs' Morrow Pivot[66]
  • the MZ-5500 by Abrupt
  • the Decision Mate V from NCR Corporation;[67] [68] its version of MS-DOS was called NCR-DOS
  • the MikroMikko 2 by Nokia
  • the NorthStar Advantage
  • the PC-9801 systems from NEC[69]
  • the Rainbow 100 from December had both an 8088 and Zilog Z80 for Digital Research's CP/Chiliad-fourscore Operating System
  • the RM Nimbus past RM plc
  • the Tandy 2000 by RadioShack had a Intel 8186
  • the Texas Instruments TI Professional[70]
  • the Torch Graduate by Torch Computers
  • the Tulip System-1 by Tulip
  • the Victor 9000 by Sirius Systems Technology
  • the :YES by Philips was late on the market, ran DOS Plus and MS-DOS, merely by using an 80186 it was incompatible with IBM'southward PC
  • the Z-100 by Zenith with an MS-DOS OEM version named Z-DOS

Non-x86-based systems [edit]

Not all manufacturers immediately switched to the Intel x86 microprocessor family and MS-DOS. A few companies connected releasing systems based on non-Intel architectures.[71] Some of these systems used a 32-bit microprocessor, the about pop being the Motorola 68000. Others continued to use 8-bit microprocessors. Many of these systems were eventually forced out of the market by the onslaught of the IBM PC clones, although their architectures may have had superior capabilities, especially in the area of multimedia.

Other not-x86-based systems available at the IBM PC's launch [edit]

  • the Apple II and Apple II+ with MOS Technology's 6502 CPU
    • In Jan 1983, the Apple IIe was introduced
  • the viii-bit Commodore PET and CBM serial The Commodore 64 was released a year later
  • the eight-flake Atari 400, Atari 800 and successors
  • the Cromemco CS-ane
  • Intertec's Compustar II VPU Model 20[72]
  • the Corvus Concept
  • the Kaypro 10
  • the Fujitsu Micro 16s[73]
  • the Micro Determination by Morrow Designs[74]
  • the MTU-130 by Micro Engineering science Unlimited[75]
  • the Xerox 820
  • the Epson QX-10
  • the RoadRunner from MicroOffice[76]
  • the TRS-80 Model II and TRS-80 Model III by Tandy/Radio Shack
    • the following year the TRS-eighty Model 12 and TRS-80 models 16 and 16e

Come across likewise [edit]

  • Open standard
  • Open architecture
  • Compaq
  • Compaq Portable and Compaq Portable series
  • Timeline of DOS operating systems
  • Comparison of DOS operating systems
  • Wintel
  • PC DOS
  • MS-DOS
  • History of calculating hardware (1960s–present)
  • IBM PC uniform
  • De facto standard
  • Dominant pattern
  • List of machines running CP/M

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External links [edit]

  • Defended to the preservation and restoration of the IBM 5150 personal calculator
  • Quondam-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum

stokesbadmight.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market

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